1. Nasioudis D, Linhares IM, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Bacterial vaginosis: a critical analysis of current knowledge. BJOG. (2017) 124(1):61–9. 10.1111/1471-0528.14209 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
2. O’Hanlon DE, Moench TR, Cone RA. vagin*l pH and microbicidal lactic acid when lactobacilli dominate the microbiota. PLoS One. (2013) 8(11):e80074. 10.1371/journal.pone.0080074 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
3. Stoyancheva G, Marzotto M, Dellaglio F, Torriani S. Bacteriocin production and gene sequencing analysis from vagin*l Lactobacillus strains. Arch Microbiol. (2014) 196(9):645–53. 10.1007/s00203-014-1003-1 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. Colonna C, Steelman M. Amsel Criteria. StatPearls.( 2021). Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542319/(Cited July 2, 2022). [PubMed]
5. Gaydos CA, Beqaj S, Schwebke JR, Lebed J, Smith B, Davis TE, et al.Clinical validation of a test for the diagnosis of vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol. (2017) 130(1):181–9. 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002090 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
6. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. (1991) 29(2):297. 10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
7. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C, McQuillan G, Kendrick J, Sutton M, et al.The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001−2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis. (2007) 34(11):864–9. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318074e565 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Bitew A, Abebaw Y, Bekele D, Mihret A. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors among women complaining of genital tract infection. Int J Microbiol. (2017) 2017:Article ID 4919404. 10.1155/2017/4919404 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, Garland SM, Morris MB, Moss LM, et al.High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis. (2006) 193(11):1478–86. 10.1086/503780 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
10. Coudray MS, Madhivanan P. Bacterial vaginosis—a brief synopsis of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2020) 245:143–8. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.12.035 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. Faught BM, Reyes S. Characterization and treatment of recurrent bacterial vaginosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). (2019) 28(9):1218–26. 10.1089/jwh.2018.7383 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
12. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Morgan DJ, Ison C, Pearson J. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Br Med J. (1994) 308(6924):295. 10.1136/bmj.308.6924.295 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
13. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, Krohn MA, Gibbs RS, Martin DH, et al.Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The vagin*l infections and prematurity study group. N Engl J Med. (1995) 333(26):1737–42. 10.1056/NEJM199512283332604 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
14. Martin HL, Richardson BA, Nyange PM, Lavreys L, Hillier SL, Chohan B, et al.vagin*l lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. J Infect Dis. (1999) 180(6):1863–8. 10.1086/315127 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM, Adimora AA, Smith JS. Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS. (2008) 22(12):1493–501. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021a37 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
16. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Amortegui AJ, Heine RP, Landers DV, et al.Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol. (2002) 100(3):456–63. 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02118-x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
17. Soper DE. Bacterial vaginosis and surgical site infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2020) 222(3):219–23. 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.002 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
18. Peebles K, Velloza J, Balkus JE, McClelland RS, Barnabas RV. High global burden and costs of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. (2019) 46(5):304–11. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000972 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
19. Ukoha EP, Snavely ME, Hahn MU, Steinauer JE, Bryant AS. Toward the elimination of race-based medicine: replace race with racism as preeclampsia risk factor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2022) 227(4):593–6. 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.048 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
20. Fettweis JM, Paul Brooks J, Serrano MG, Sheth NU, Girerd PH, Edwards DJ, et al.Differences in vagin*l microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry. Microbiology. (2014) 160(Pt 10):2272. 10.1099/mic.0.081034-0 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
21. What is GRADE?. BMJ Best Pract. (2022). Available from:https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/us/toolkit/learn-ebm/what-is-grade/ [Google Scholar]
22. Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2009) (3):CD006055. 10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
23. Lev-Sagie A, Goldman-Wohl D, Cohen Y, Dori-Bachash M, Leshem A, Mor U, et al.vagin*l microbiome transplantation in women with intractable bacterial vaginosis. Nat Med. (2019) 25(10):1500–4. 10.1038/s41591-019-0600-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
24. Armstrong-Buisseret L, Brittain C, Kai J, David M, Anstey Watkins J, Ozolins M, et al.Lactic acid gel versus metronidazole for recurrent bacterial vaginosis in women aged 16 years and over: the VITA RCT. Health Technol Assess. (2022) 26(2):1–170. 10.3310/ZZKH4176 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
25. Petricevic L, Witt A. The role of Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus Lcr35 in restoring the normal vagin*l flora after antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Available from:www.blackwellpublishing.com/bjog(Cited January 23, 2022). [PubMed]
26. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, et al.Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Reports. (2021) 70(4):1–187. 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
27. Schwebke JR, Carter BA, Waldbaum AS, Agnew KJ, Paull JRA, Price CF, et al.A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of Astodrimer 1% Gel for preventing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. (2021) 10:100121. 10.1016/j.eurox.2021.100121 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
28. Vujic G, Jajac Knez A, Despot Stefanovic V, Kuzmic Vrbanovic V. Efficacy of orally applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vagin*l infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2013) 168(1):75–9. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.031 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
29. Eriksson K, Carlsson B, Forsum U, Larsson P-G. A Double-blind Treatment Study of Bacterial Vaginosis with Normal vagin*l Lactobacilli after an Open Treatment with vagin*l Clindamycin Ovules. [PubMed]
30. Bradshaw CS, Pirotta M, de Guingand D, Hocking JS, Morton AN, Garland SM, et al.Efficacy of oral metronidazole with vagin*l clindamycin or vagin*l probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. PLoS One. (2012) 7(4):e34540. 10.1371/journal.pone.0034540 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. Larsson PG, Stray-Pedersen B, Ryttig KR, Larsen S. Human lactobacilli as supplementation of clindamycin to patients with bacterial vaginosis reduce the recurrence rate; a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BMC Womens Health. (2008) 8(1):1–8. 10.1186/1472-6874-8-3 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
32. Ling Z, Liu X, Chen W, Luo Y, Yuan L, Xia Y, et al.The restoration of the vagin*l microbiota after treatment for bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole or probiotics. Microb Ecol. (2013) 65(3):773–80. 10.1007/s00248-012-0154-3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Cohen CR, Wierzbicki MR, French AL, Morris S, Newmann S, Reno H, et al.Randomized trial of lactin-V to prevent recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med. (2020) 382(20):1906–15. 10.1056/NEJMoa1915254 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
34. Bohbot JM, Daraï E, Bretelle F, Brami G, Daniel C, Cardot JM. Efficacy and safety of vagin*lly administered lyophilized Lactobacillus crispatus IP 174178 in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis recurrence. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. (2018) 47(2):81–6. 10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.11.005 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
35. Thoma ME, Klebanoff MA, Rovner AJ, Nansel TR, Neggers Y, Andrews WW, et al.Bacterial vaginosis is associated with variation in dietary indices. J Nutr. (2011) 141(9):1698. 10.3945/jn.111.140541 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
36. Noormohammadi M, Eslamian G, Kazemi SN, Rashidkhani B, Malek S. Association of dietary glycemic Index, glycemic load, insulin Index, and insulin load with bacterial vaginosis in Iranian women: a case-control study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. (2022) 2022:e1225544. 10.1155/2022/1225544 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
37. Neggers YH, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Yu KF, Goldenberg RL, et al.Dietary intake of selected nutrients affects bacterial vaginosis in women. J Nutr. (2007) 137(9):2128. 10.1093/jn/137.9.2128 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
38. Tohill BC, Heilig CM, Klein RS, Rompalo A, Cu-Uvin S, Piwoz EG, et al.Nutritional biomarkers associated with gynecological conditions among US women with or at risk of HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr. (2007) 85(5):1327–34. 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1327 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
39. Fethers KA, Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Gurrin LC, Bradshaw CS. Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. (2008) 47(11):1426–35. 10.1086/592974 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
40. Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Law M, Walker S, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, et al.Hormonal contraception is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. (2013) 8(9):73055. 10.1371/journal.pone.0073055 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
41. Hellberg D, Nilsson S, Mårdh PA. Bacterial vaginosis and smoking. Int J STD AIDS. (2000) 11(9):603–6. 10.1258/0956462001916461 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
42. Muzny CA, Kardas P. A narrative review of current challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis. (2020) 47(7):441–6. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001178 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
43. Muzny CA, Balkus J, Mitchell C, Sobel JD, Workowski K, Marrazzo J, et al.Diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis : summary of evidence reviewed for the 2021 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. (2022) 74(Suppl 2):S144–S151. 10.1093/cid/ciac021 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
44. Swedberg J, Steiner JF, Deiss F, Steiner S, Driggers DA. Comparison of single-dose vs one-week course of metronidazole for symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. JAMA. (1985) 254(8):1046–9. 10.1001/jama.1985.03360080058029 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
45. Colli E, Landoni M, Parazzini F. Treatment of male partners and recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised trial. Genitourin Med. (1997) 73(4):267. 10.1136/sti.73.4.267 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
46. Moi H. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its association with genital infections, inflammation, and contraceptive methods in women attending sexually transmitted disease and primary health clinics. Int J STD AIDS. (1990) 1(2):86–94. 10.1177/095646249000100203 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
47. Nagaraja P. Antibiotic resistance of gardnerella vagin*lis in recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Indian J Med Microbiol. (2008) 26(2):155–7. 10.4103/0255-0857.40531 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
48. Beigi RH, Austin MN, Meyn LA, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Antimicrobial resistance associated with the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2004) 191(4):1124–9. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.033 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
49. Muzny CA, Sobel JD. The role of antimicrobial resistance in refractory and recurrent bacterial vaginosis and current recommendations for treatment. Antibiotics. (2022) 11(4):500. 10.3390/antibiotics11040500 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
50. Swidsinski A, Mendling W, Loening-Baucke V, Ladhoff A, Swidsinski S, Hale LP, et al.Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol. (2005) 106(5 Pt 1):1013–23. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
51. Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Swidsinski S, Verstraelen H. Polymicrobial Gardnerella biofilm resists repeated intravagin*l antiseptic treatment in a subset of women with bacterial vaginosis: a preliminary report. Arch Gynecol Obstet. (2015) 291(3):605–9. 10.1007/s00404-014-3484-1 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
52. Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Tracy JK, Zenilman JM, Ravel J, et al.Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vagin*l Microbiota and human papillomavirus detection. J Infect Dis. (2014) 210(11):1723. 10.1093/infdis/jiu330 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
53. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G, De Backer E, Temmerman M, Vaneechoutte M. Longitudinal analysis of the vagin*l microflora in pregnancy suggests that L. crispatus promotes the stability of the normal vagin*l microflora and that L. gasseri and/or L. iners are more conducive to the occurrence of abnormal vagin*l microflora. BMC Microbiol. (2009) 9:116. 10.1186/1471-2180-9-116 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
54. Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, Nyirjesy P, Wiesenfeld HC, Peipert J, et al.Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vagin*l gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2006) 194(5):1283–9. 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.041 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
55. Srinivasan S, Liu C, Mitchell CM, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Agnew KJ, et al.Temporal variability of human vagin*l bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One. (2010) 5(4):e10197. 10.1371/journal.pone.0010197 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
56. Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The vagin*l microenvironment: the physiologic role of lactobacilli. Front Med. (2018) 5:181. 10.3389/fmed.2018.00181 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
57. Abdelmaksoud AA, Koparde VN, Sheth NU, Serrano MG, Glasco*ck AL, Fettweis JM, et al.Comparison of Lactobacillus crispatus isolates from Lactobacillus-dominated vagin*l microbiomes with isolates from microbiomes containing bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria. Microbiology. (2016) 162(3):466–75. 10.1099/mic.0.000238 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
58. Wu S, Hugerth LW, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Du J. The right bug in the right place: opportunities for bacterial vaginosis treatment. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. (2022) 8(1):1–11. 10.1038/s41522-021-00260-1 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
59. Mendes-Soares H, Suzuki H, Hickey RJ, Forneya LJ. Comparative functional genomics of Lactobacillus spp. reveals possible mechanisms for specialization of vagin*l lactobacilli to their environment. J Bacteriol. (2014) 196(7):1458–70. 10.1128/JB.01439-13 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
60. Anderson AC, Sanunu M, Schneider C, Clad A, Karygianni L, Hellwig E, et al.Rapid species-level identification of vagin*l and oral lactobacilli using MALDI-TOF MS analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing. BMC Microbiol. (2014) 14(1):312. 10.1186/s12866-014-0312-5 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
61. Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SSK, McCulle SL, et al.vagin*l microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2011) 108(Suppl. 1):4680–7. 10.1073/pnas.1002611107 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
62. Marrazzo JM, Fiedler TL, Srinivasan S, Thomas KK, Liu C, Ko D, et al.Extravagin*l reservoirs of vagin*l Bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. (2012) 205(10):1580. 10.1093/infdis/jis242 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
63. Antonio MAD, Rabe LK, Hillier SL. Colonization of the rectum by Lactobacillus species and decreased risk of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. (2005) 192(3):394–8. 10.1086/430926 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
64. Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA. Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2009) (4):CD006289. 10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
65. van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, et al.Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. (2013) 368(5):407–15. 10.1056/NEJMoa1205037 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
66. Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley KJ, Moench TR. Origins of vagin*l acidity: high D/l lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source. Hum Reprod. (2001) 16(9):1809–13. 10.1093/humrep/16.9.1809 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
67. Wilson J. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect. (2004) 80(1):8–11. 10.1136/sti.2002.002733 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
68. Dumonceaux TJ, Schellenberg J, Goleski V, Hill JE, Jaoko W, Kimani J, et al.Multiplex detection of bacteria associated with normal microbiota and with bacterial vaginosis in vagin*l swabs by use of oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent microspheres. J Clin Microbiol. (2009) 47(12):4067–77. 10.1128/JCM.00112-09 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
69. Aldunate M, Srbinovski D, Hearps AC, Latham CF, Ramsland PA, Gugasyan R, et al.Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vagin*l microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis. Front Physiol. (2015) 6:164. 10.3389/fphys.2015.00164 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
70. Holley RL, Richter HE, Varner RE, Pair L, Schwebke JR. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of vagin*l acidification versus placebo for the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis. (2004) 31(4):236–8. 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000118423.20985.E7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
71. Boeke AJ, Dekker JH, Th J, Van Eijk M, Kostense PJ, Dick Bezemer P, et al.Effect of lactic acid suppositories compared with oral metronidazole and placebo in bacterial vaginosis: a randomised clinical trial. Genitourin Med. (1993) 69(5):388. 10.1136/sti.69.5.388 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
72. Fiorilli A, Molteni B, Milani M. Successful treatment of bacterial vaginosis with a policarbophil-carbopol acidic vagin*l gel: results from a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Available from:www.elsevier.com/locate/ejogrb(Cited January 14, 2022). [PubMed]
73. Decena DCD, Co JT, Manalastas RM, Palaypayon EP, Padolina CS, Sison JM, et al.Metronidazole with Lactacyd vagin*l gel in bacterial vaginosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. (2006) 32(2):243–51. 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00383.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
74. Plummer EL, Bradshaw CS, Doyle M, Fairley CK, Murray GL, Bateson D, et al.Lactic acid-containing products for bacterial vaginosis and their impact on the vagin*l microbiota: a systematic review. PLoS One. (2021) 16(2):e0246953. 10.1371/journal.pone.0246953 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
75. Petersen EE, Magnani P. Efficacy and safety of Vitamin C vagin*l tablets in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2004) 117(1):70–5. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.02.032 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
76. Zodzika J, Rezeberga D, Donders G, Vedmedovska N, Vasina O, Pundure I, et al.Impact of vagin*l ascorbic acid on abnormal vagin*l microflora. Arch Gynecol Obstet. (2013) 288(5):1039–44. 10.1007/s00404-013-2876-y [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
77. Polatti F, Rampino M, Magnani P, Mascarucci P. vagin*l pH-lowering effect of locally applied vitamin C in subjects with high vagin*l pH. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2006) 22(4):230–4. 10.1080/09513590600647441 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
78. Petersen EE, Genet M, Caserini M, Palmieri R. Efficacy of vitamin C vagin*l tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. (2011) 61(4):260–5. 10.1055/s-0031-1296197 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
79. Krasnopolsky VN, Prilepskaya VN, Polatti F, Zarochentseva NV, Bayramova GR, Caserini M, et al.Efficacy of vitamin C vagin*l tablets as prophylaxis for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Med Res. (2013) 5(4):309. 10.4021/jocmr1489w [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
80. Castro J, Alves P, Sousa C, Cereija T, França Â, Jefferson KK, et al.Using an in-vitro biofilm model to assess the virulence potential of bacterial vaginosis or non-bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vagin*lis isolates. Sci Rep. (2015) 5:1–10. 10.1038/srep11640 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
81. Rosca AS, Castro J, Sousa LGV, Cerca N. Gardnerella and vagin*l health: the truth is out there. FEMS Microbiol Rev. (2019) 44(1):73–105. 10.1093/femsre/fuz027 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
82. Tomás M, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Simões S, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R. Bacterial vaginosis: standard treatments and alternative strategies. Int J Pharm. (2020) 587:119659. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119659 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
83. Swidsinski A, Mendling W, Loening-Baucke V, Swidsinski S, Dörffel Y, Scholze J, et al.An adherent Gardnerella vagin*lis biofilm persists on the vagin*l epithelium after standard therapy with oral metronidazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2008) 198(1):97.e1–6. 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.039 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
84. Swidsinski A, Dörffel Y, Loening-Baucke V, Schilling J, Mendling W. Response of Gardnerella vagin*lis biofilm to 5 days of moxifloxacin treatment. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. (2011) 61(1):41–6. 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00743.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
85. Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. Biofilms: an underappreciated mechanism of treatment failure and recurrence in vagin*l infections. Clin Infect Dis. (2015) 61(4):601–6. 10.1093/cid/civ353 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
86. Machado D, Castro J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Cerca N. Bacterial vaginosis biofilms: challenges to current therapies and emerging solutions. Front Microbiol. (2016) 6:1528. 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01528 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
87. Machado D, Gaspar C, Palmeira-De-Oliveira A, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Martinez-De-Oliveira J, et al.Thymbra capitata essential oil as potential therapeutic agent against Gardnerella vagin*lis biofilm-related infections. Future Microbiol. (2017) 12(5):407–16. 10.2217/fmb-2016-0184 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
88. Rosca AS, Castro J, Sousa LGV, França A, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, et al.Six bacterial vaginosis-associated species can form an in vitro and ex vivo polymicrobial biofilm that is susceptible to Thymbra capitata essential oil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. (2022) 12:1. 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824860 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
89. Mendling W, Weissenbacher ER, Gerber S, Prasauskas V, Grob P. Use of locally delivered dequalinium chloride in the treatment of vagin*l infections: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. (2016) 293(3):469–84. 10.1007/s00404-015-3914-8 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
90. Della Casa V, Noll H, Gonser S, Grob P, Graf F, Pohlig G. Antimicrobial activity of dequalinium chloride against leading germs of vagin*l infections. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Res. (2002) 52(9):699–705. 10.1055/s-0031-1299954 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
91. Gaspar C, Rolo J, Cerca N, Palmeira-De-oliveira R, Martinez-De-oliveira J, Palmeira-De-oliveira A. Dequalinium chloride effectively disrupts bacterial vaginosis (BV) Gardnerella spp. Biofilms. Pathogens. (2021) 10(3):1–11. 10.3390/pathogens10030261 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
92. Weissenbacher ER, Donders G, Unzeitig V, Martinez De Tejada B, Gerber S, Halaška M, et al.A comparison of dequalinium chloride vagin*l tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vagin*l cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Gynecol Obstet Invest. (2012) 73(1):8–15. 10.1159/000332398 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
93. Landlinger C, Oberbauer V, Tisakova LP, Schwebs T, Berdaguer R, Van Simaey L, et al.Preclinical data on the gardnerella-specific endolysin PM-477 indicate its potential to improve the treatment of bacterial vaginosis through enhanced biofilm removal and avoidance of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2022) 66(5):e0231921. 10.1128/aac.02319-21 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
94. Castro J, Sousa LGV, França Â, Tisakova LP, Corsini L, Cerca N. Exploiting the Anti-Biofilm Effect of the Engineered Phage Endolysin PM-477 to Disrupt In Vitro Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms of vagin*l Pathogens Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis. (2022). [PMC free article] [PubMed]
95. Youn CK, Jun Y, Jo ER, Jang SJ, Song H, Cho SI. Comparative efficacies of topical antiseptic eardrops against biofilms from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Laryngol Otol. (2018) 132(6):519–22. 10.1017/S0022215118000932 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
96. Grønseth T, Vestby LK, Nesse LL, Thoen E, Habimana O, von Unge M, et al.Lugol’s solution eradicates Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vitro. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. (2017) 103:58–64. 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.025 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
97. Powell A, Ghanem KG, Rogers L, Zinalabedini A, Brotman RM, Zenilman J, et al.Clinicians’ use of intravagin*l boric acid maintenance therapy for recurrent vulvovagin*l candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis. (2019) 46(12):810. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001063 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
98. Surapaneni S, Akins R, Sobel JD. Recurrent bacterial vaginosis: an unmet therapeutic challenge. Experience with a combination pharmacotherapy long-term suppressive regimen. Sex Transm Dis. (2021) 48(10):761. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001420 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
99. Marrazzo JM, Dombrowski JC, Wierzbicki MR, Perlowski C, Pontius A, Dithmer D, et al.Safety and efficacy of a novel vagin*l anti-infective, TOL-463, in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovagin*l candidiasis: a randomized, single-blind, phase 2, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. (2019) 68(5):803–9. 10.1093/cid/ciy554 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
100. Fehir R. Chemicals evaluated for carcinogenic potential by the office of pesticide programs. Washington, DC: (2021) http://npic.orst.edu/chemicals_evaluated.pdf. [Google Scholar]
101. Waldbaum AS, Schwebke JR, Paull JRA, Price CF, Edmondson SR, Castellarnau A, et al.A phase 2, double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of the efficacy and safety of Astodrimer Gel for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One. (2020) 15(5):e0232394. 10.1371/journal.pone.0232394 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
102. Chavoustie SE, Carter BA, Waldbaum AS, Donders GGG, Peters KH, Schwebke JR, et al.Two phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy and safety of Astodrimer 1% Gel for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2020) 245:13–8. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.032 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
103. Arcavi L, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med. (2004) 164(20):2206–16. 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
104. Nelson DB, Bellamy S, Odibo A, Nachamkin I, Ness RB, Allen-Taylor L. vagin*l symptoms and bacterial vaginosis (BV): how useful is self-report? Development of a screening tool for predicting BV status. Epidemiol Infect. (2007) 135(8):1369. 10.1017/S095026880700787X [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
105. Cherpes TL, Hillier SL, Meyn LA, Busch JL, Krohn MA. A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex Transm Dis. (2008) 35(1):78–83. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318156a5d0 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
106. Brotman RM, He X, Gajer P, Fadrosh D, Sharma E, Mongodin EF, et al.Association between cigarette smoking and the vagin*l microbiota: a pilot study. BMC Infect Dis. (2014) 14:471. 10.1186/1471-2334-14-471 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
107. Nelson TM, Borgogna JC, Michalek RD, Roberts DW, Rath JM, Glover ED, et al.Cigarette smoking is associated with an altered vagin*l tract metabolomic profile. Sci Rep.. (2018) 8(1):1–13. 10.1038/s41598-017-14943-3 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
108. Faleiro L, Miguel G, Gomes S, Costa L, Venâncio F, Teixeira A, et al.Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils isolated from Thymbra capitata L. (Cav.) and Origanum vulgare L. J Agric Food Chem. (2005) 53(21):8162–8. 10.1021/jf0510079 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
109. Eleuterio J, Giraldo PC, Silveira Gonçalves AK, Nunes Eleuterio RM. Liquid-based cervical cytology and microbiological analyses in women using cooper intrauterine device and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2020) 255:20–4. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.09.051 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
110. Peebles K, Kiweewa FM, Palanee-Phillips T, Chappell C, Singh D, Bunge KE, et al.Elevated risk of bacterial vaginosis among users of the copper intrauterine device: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. (2021) 73(3):513–20. 10.1093/cid/ciaa703 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
111. Hutchinson KB, Kip KE, Ness RB. Condom use and its association with bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis-associated vagin*l microflora. Epidemiology. (2007) 18(6):702–8. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181567eaa [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
112. Shivakoti R, Tuddenham S, Caulfield LE, Murphy C, Robinson C, Ravel J, et al.Dietary macronutrient intake and molecular-bacterial vaginosis: role of fiber. Clin Nutr. (2020) 39(10):3066–71. 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.011 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
113. Turner AN, Carr Reese P, Fields KS, Anderson J, Ervin M, Davis JA, et al.A blinded, randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D supplementation to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2014) 211(5):479.e1–479.e13. 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.06.023 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
114. Mohammadzadeh F, Dolatian M, Jorjani M, Majd HA, Borumandnia N. Comparing the therapeutic effects of garlic tablet and oral metronidazole on bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. (2014) 16(7):e19118. 10.5812/ircmj.19118 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
115. Tuddenham S, Stennett CA, Cone RA, Ravel J, Macintyre AN, Ghanem KG, et al.vagin*l cytokine profile and microbiota before and after lubricant use compared with condomless vagin*l sex: a preliminary observational study. BMC Infect Dis. (2021) 21(1):1–13. 10.1186/s12879-021-06512-x [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
116. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (1999) 43(1):196. 10.1128/AAC.43.1.196 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
117. Ma X, Deng J, Cui X, Chen Q, Wang W. Berberine exhibits antioxidative effects and reduces apoptosis of the vagin*l epithelium in bacterial vaginosis. Exp Ther Med. (2019) 18(3):2122–30. 10.3892/etm.2019.7772 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
118. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm C, McGregor J, et al.Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagin*. Obstet Gynecol. (2002) 100(4):765–72. 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02184-1 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
119. Marconi C, El-Zein M, Ravel J, Ma B, Lima MD, Carvalho NS, et al.Characterization of the vagin*l microbiome in women of reproductive age from 5 Regions in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis. (2020) 47(8):562–9. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001204 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
120. Lokken EM, Manguro GO, Abdallah A, Ngacha C, Shafi J, Kiarie J, et al.Association between vagin*l washing and detection ofLactobacillus by culture and quantitative PCR inHIV-seronegative Kenyan women: a cross-sectional analysis. Sex Transm Infect. (2019) 95(6):455. 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053769 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
121. Sabo MC, Balkus JE, Richardson BA, Srinivasan S, Kimani J, Anzala O, et al.Association between vagin*l washing and vagin*l bacterial concentrations. PLoS One. (2019) 14(1):e0210825. 10.1371/journal.pone.0210825 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
122. Tamarelle J, Shardell MD, Ravel J, Brotman RM. Factors associated with incidence and spontaneous clearance of molecular-bacterial vaginosis: results from a longitudinal frequent-sampling observational study. Sex Transm Dis. (2022) 49(9):649–56. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001662 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
123. Brotman RM, Ghanem KG, Klebanoff MA, Taha TE, Scharfstein DO, Zenilman JM. The effect of vagin*l douching cessation on bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2008) 198(6):628.e1–e7. 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.043 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
124. Tuddenham S, Ghanem KG, Caulfield LE, Rovner AJ, Robinson C, Shivakoti R, et al.Associations between dietary micronutrient intake and molecular-bacterial vaginosis. Reprod Health. (2019) 16(1):151. 10.1186/s12978-019-0814-6 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
125. Yamada Y, Azuma K. Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of allicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (1977) 11(4):743. 10.1128/AAC.11.4.743 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
126. Akoh CC, Pressman EK, Cooper E, Queenan RA, Pillittere J, O’Brien KO. Low vitamin D is associated with infections and proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy. Reprod Sci. (2018) 25(3):414–23. 10.1177/1933719117715124 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
127. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr. (2009) 139(6):1157–61. 10.3945/jn.108.103168 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
128. Dunlop AL, Taylor RN, Tangpricha V, Fortunato S, Menon R. Maternal vitamin D, folate, and polyunsaturated fatty acid status and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. (2011) 2011:216217. 10.1155/2011/216217 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
129. Klebanoff MA, Turner AN. Bacterial vaginosis and season, a proxy for vitamin D status. Sex Transm Dis. (2014) 41(5):295–9. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000124 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
130. Rafat D, Singh S, Nawab T, Khan F, Khan AU, Khalid S. Association of vagin*l dysbiosis and gestational diabetes mellitus with adverse perinatal outcomes. Int J Gynecol Obstet. (2022) 158(1):70–8. 10.1002/ijgo.13945 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
131. Donders GGG. Lower genital tract infections in diabetic women. Curr Infect Dis Rep. (2002) 4(6):536–9. 10.1007/s11908-002-0042-y [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
132. Yagnik D, Serafin V, Shah AJ. Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans; downregulating cytokine and microbial protein expression. Sci Rep. (2018) 8(1):1–12. 10.1038/s41598-017-18618-x [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
133. Dezzutti CS, Brown ER, Moncla B, Russo J, Cost M, Wang L, et al.Is wetter better? An evaluation of over-the-counter personal lubricants for safety and anti-HIV-1 activity. PLoS One. (2012) 7(11):e48328. 10.1371/journal.pone.0048328 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
134. Adriaens E, Remon JP. Mucosal irritation potential of personal lubricants relates to product osmolality as detected by the slug mucosal irritation assay. Sex Transm Dis. (2008) 35(5):512–6. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644669 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
135. World Health Organization Use and procurement of additional lubricants for male and female condoms: WHO/UNFPA/FHI360: advisory note.World Health Organization. (2012). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/76580. [Google Scholar]
136. Hung KJ, Hudson PL, Bergerat A, Hesham H, Choksi N, Mitchell C. Effect of commercial vagin*l products on the growth of uropathogenic and commensal vagin*l bacteria. Sci Rep.. (2020) 10(1):1–6. 10.1038/s41598-021-02426-5 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
137. Wilkinson EM, Łaniewski P, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Brotman RM. Personal and clinical vagin*l lubricants: impact on local vagin*l microenvironment and implications for epithelial cell host response and barrier function. J Infect Dis. (2019) 220(12):2009–18. 10.1093/infdis/ji*z412 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
138. Smith-McCune K, Chen JC, Greenblatt RM, Shanmugasundaram U, Shacklett BL, Hilton JF, et al.Unexpected inflammatory effects of intravagin*l gels (universal placebo gel and nonoxynol-9) on the upper female reproductive tract: a randomized crossover study. PLoS One. (2015) 10(7):e0129769. 10.1371/journal.pone.0129769 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
139. Edwards D, Panay N. Treating vulvovagin*l atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause: how important is vagin*l lubricant and moisturizer composition?Climacteric. (2016) 19(2):151–61. 10.3109/13697137.2015.1124259 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
140. Hesham H, Mitchell AJ, Bergerat A, Hung K, Mitchell CM. Impact of vagin*l douching products on vagin*l Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli and epithelial immune responses. Sci Reports 2021 111. (2021) 11(1):1–8. 10.1038/s41598-021-02426-5 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
141. Turpin R, Tuddenham S, He X, Klebanoff MA, Ghanem KG, Brotman RM. Bacterial vaginosis and behavioral factors associated with incident pelvic inflammatory disease in the longitudinal study of vagin*l Flora. J Infect Dis. (2021) 224(12 Suppl 2):S137–44. 10.1093/infdis/jiab103 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
142. Zhang R, Zhu X, Bai H, Ning K. Network pharmacology databases for traditional Chinese medicine: review and assessment. Front Pharmacol. (2019) 10:123. 10.3389/fphar.2019.00123 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
143. Zhao H, Zhao L, Wu F, Shen L. Clinical research on traditional Chinese medicine treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Phyther Res. (2021) 35(9):4943–56. 10.1002/ptr.7123 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
144. Blackwell AL. Tea tree oil and anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis. Lancet. (1991) 337(8736):300. 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90910-H [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
145. Delgado-Adámez J, Garrido M, Bote ME, Fuentes-Pérez MC, Espino J, Martín-Vertedor D. Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils from flower and fruit of Thymbra capitata and Thymus species. J Food Sci Technol. (2017) 54(7):1857. 10.1007/s13197-017-2617-5 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
146. Karampoula F, Giaouris E, Deschamps J, Doulgeraki AI, Nychas GJE, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Hydrosol of thymbra capitata is a highly efficient biocide against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. (2016) 82(17):5309. 10.1128/AEM.01351-16 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
