Massive study uncovers how much exercise is needed to live longer (2024)

Consistent exercise is good for a person’s health and well-being—that much is well-known. But how many minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity are needed to lower the risk of mortality? Astudy published in the journalCirculation shared findingson how much and what level of physical activity is needed to reduce mortality.

While the2018 physical activity guidelinesrecommend that adults engage in at least 150 to 300 minutes per week of moderate exercise, 75 to 150 minutes each week of vigorous movement or an equivalent combination of both intensities, it turns out that if adults do more than the recommended amount, it can lower their risk of death. Moderate physical activity is defined as walking, weightlifting and lower-intensity exercise. Meanwhile, vigorous exercise is categorized as running, bicycling and swimming.

From two large prospective U.S. cohorts, 116,221 adults self-reported leisure-timephysical activity—defined as exercise that is not done at work—through a validated questionnaire. The questionnaire was repeated up to 15 times over the course of 30 years.

The study found that working out two to four times beyond the minimum vigorous physical activity recommendations led to a lower risk of death fromcardiovascular disease. Those who worked out two to four times above the moderate physical activity recommendations—about 300 to 599 minutes each week—saw the most benefit.

Participants who performed two to four times above the recommended amount of moderate physical activity had a 26% to 31% lower all-cause mortality and a 28% to 38% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. On top of that, there was an observed 25% to 27% lower risk of non-cardiovascular disease mortality.

Additionally, adults who worked out two to four times more than the recommended amount of vigorous physical activity —about 150 to 299 minutes per week—were found to have 21% to 23% lower risk of all-cause mortality, according to the study. They were also reported to have 27% to 33% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and 19% lower risk of non-cardiovascular disease mortality.

“A substantially lower risk of mortality was observed among individuals who had adequate levels of both long-term leisure time moderate and vigorous physical activity”, the study says, noting that higher levels of vigorous physical activity were associated with lower mortality among those with insufficient levels of moderate physical activity each week.

But this was not the case for those who already had high levels of moderate physical activity—more than 300 minutes each week. The study notes that “any combination of medium to high levels” of vigorous (75 to 300 minutes per week) and moderate physical activity (150 to 600 minutes per week) “can provide nearly the maximum mortality reduction,” which is about 35% to 42%.

Additionally, people who are insufficiently active—meaning less than 75 minutes per week of vigorous or less than 150 minutes of moderate physical activity—could get greater benefits in mortality reduction by adding modest levels of either exercise. That’s 75 to 150 minutes per week of vigorous exercise or 150 to 300 minutes each week of moderate physical activity. Meeting the minimum for moderate and vigorous activity can reduce cardiovascular disease mortality by 22% to 31%.

A separate study published in JAMA Oncology shows that small amounts of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity were associated with lower cancer risk. This refers to brief and sporadic bouts of vigorous physical activity during daily living such as bursts of very fast walking or stair climbing for about one to two minutes.

While younger people tend to choose vigorous activities more often, older adults choose moderate levels of exercise. Yet there was no evidence to show that one was better than the other in older people compared with younger folks.

Instead, in addition to long-term moderate physical activity, “long-term vigorous physical activity in generally healthy older adults can be an effective means of improving health,” says the study.

“It is well documented that light to moderate regular physical activity prevents” cardiovascular disease, says the study. “But previous studies also showed evidence that long-term high-intensity endurance exercise (e.g., marathons, triathlons, long-distance bicycle races) may cause adverse events such as myocardial fibrosis, coronary artery calcification and atrial fibrillation as well as sudden cardiac death.”

Yet this study suggests there is no harmful effect of high, long-term vigorous physical activity on cardiovascular health. But more studies are needed.